The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-compassion on happiness and the mediating effect of depression among middle-aged Buddhist women. The participants were 218 middle-aged Buddhist women who regularly participated in religious activities at Neungin Seon Center in Seoul. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro 4.2 (Model 4). The results showed that self-compassion was negatively associated with depression and positively associated with happiness. Depression was negatively associated with happiness and partially mediated the relationship between self-compassion and happiness. These findings suggest that self-compassion is an important psychological resource that enhances happiness among middle-aged Buddhist women and that it contributes to happiness by reducing depression. The results provide empirical evidence supporting the development of self-compassion-based meditation and counseling programs.